Physical Layer Protocols in OSI Reference Model

1.Ethernet (IEEE 802.3):

*Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology. It supports a variety of data rates, including 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps.

*It uses twisted-pair cables or fiber optics.

*It uses various encoding schemes like manchester and 4B/5B.

2.Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11):

*A set of protocols for wireless local area networks. It includes multiple standards, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11 ac, and 802.11ax.

*It is wireless radio waves.

*It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency bands.

3.Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1):

*A short range wireless communication technology used for data exchange between devices over short distances.

*It is radio waves.

*It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.

4.SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) :

*A standardized protocol for transmitting large volumes of data over optical fiber networks.

*It contains optical fibers.

*It ranges from 51.84 Mbps to 9.953 Gbps.

5.DSL (digital Subscriber Line) :

*A family of technologies that provide internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network.

*It contains twisted pair copper pairs.

*It includes ADSL, VDSL, and SDSL

6.Fiber Channel:

*A high speed network technology primarily used to connect computer data storage.

*It contains optical fiber and copper cables.

*It is range from 1 Gbps to 128 Gbps.

7.USB (Universal Serial Bus):

*A standard for connecting peripherals to a computer, providing data transfer and power supply.

*It uses twisted-pair copper cables.

*It ranges from USB 1.0 to USB 4.